過(guò)去二十年，零售業(yè)經(jīng)歷了一次深刻的技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)型。從最早的EAS 防盜標(biāo)簽到今天的EPC UHF RFID，這項(xiàng)技術(shù)已經(jīng)不只是“防盜”，而是成為供應(yīng)鏈數(shù)字化和門(mén)店運(yùn)營(yíng)優(yōu)化的核心工具。
Over the past two decades, the retail industry has undergone a profound technological transformation. From the early EAS anti-theft tags to today’s EPC UHF RFID, this technology has evolved beyond “theft prevention” to become a cornerstone of supply chain digitization and store operation optimization.

2. 從EAS 到RFID：身份的缺失與補(bǔ)全
From EAS to RFID: From Missing Identity to Digital Identity

EAS標(biāo)簽（RF/AM/EM）：幾十年來(lái)廣泛應(yīng)用于超市、便利店和服裝店。它們成本低廉（$0.02–0.05/個(gè)），但只有“在場(chǎng)/不在場(chǎng)”的功能，無(wú)法識(shí)別商品的具體信息。

EAS tags (RF/AM/EM): Widely used for decades in supermarkets, convenience stores, and apparel shops. They are inexpensive ($0.02–0.05 per unit) but provide only a simple “present/absent” function, without product-specific identity.

RFID（UHF EPC Gen2）：區(qū)別在于“一物一碼”。每個(gè)標(biāo)簽通過(guò)EPC 編碼綁定SKU 與序列號(hào)，既能做防盜，也能支撐庫(kù)存管理、追蹤和數(shù)據(jù)分析。

RFID (UHF EPC Gen2): The difference lies in “one item, one code.” Each tag binds a SKU and serial number through EPC encoding, enabling not only theft prevention but also inventory management, traceability, and data analytics.

3. EPC 成為全球標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
EPC as the Global Standard

在RFID 的發(fā)展史上，一個(gè)關(guān)鍵拐點(diǎn)是EPCglobal 的EPC Class 1 Gen2 協(xié)議，后來(lái)納入ISO/IEC 18000-63。

A critical milestone in RFID history was EPCglobal’s EPC Class 1 Gen2 protocol, later incorporated into ISO/IEC 18000-63.

它統(tǒng)一了超高頻RFID 的空中接口標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，兼容GS1 條碼體系，讓RFID 成為條碼的自然延伸。供應(yīng)鏈企業(yè)可以用同一體系同時(shí)管理?xiàng)l碼和RFID 數(shù)據(jù)。

It unified the air interface standard for UHF RFID, compatible with the GS1 barcode system, making RFID a natural extension of barcodes. Supply chain companies can manage both barcodes and RFID data under the same framework.

4. 美國(guó)零售：雙軌制的現(xiàn)實(shí)選擇
U.S. Retailers: The Dual-Track Choice

在美國(guó)零售業(yè)，RFID 主要用于庫(kù)存與供應(yīng)鏈優(yōu)化：

In U.S. retail, RFID is primarily used for inventory and supply chain optimization:

- 供應(yīng)商在出貨前將EPC 寫(xiě)入標(biāo)簽。
- 門(mén)店利用RFID 快速盤(pán)點(diǎn)、補(bǔ)貨和防盜。
- 收銀環(huán)節(jié)仍然依靠條碼，因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)有POS 系統(tǒng)和消費(fèi)者習(xí)慣是條碼驅(qū)動(dòng)的。

- Suppliers encode EPC into tags before shipping.
- Stores use RFID for fast inventory counts, replenishment, and theft prevention.
- Checkout still relies on barcodes, as existing POS systems and consumer habits are barcode-driven.

這種“雙軌制”模式降低了系統(tǒng)改造成本，但也意味著RFID 的價(jià)值主要集中在后臺(tái)效率，而非前端體驗(yàn)。

This “dual-track” model reduces system upgrade costs but means RFID’s value is concentrated in back-end efficiency rather than front-end customer experience.

5. 日本優(yōu)衣庫(kù)：RFID 全鏈路應(yīng)用
UNIQLO: Full-Chain RFID Application

優(yōu)衣庫(kù)的做法更激進(jìn)：

UNIQLO’s approach is more aggressive:

- 每件衣服吊牌嵌入RFID。
- 在供應(yīng)鏈環(huán)節(jié)實(shí)現(xiàn)追蹤，在門(mén)店實(shí)現(xiàn)防盜。
- 在收銀環(huán)節(jié)，直接通過(guò)RFID 掃描框一次完成結(jié)算。

- Each clothing tag embeds an RFID chip.
- Enables tracking across the supply chain and theft prevention in stores.
- Checkout is done directly with RFID scanning frames in one step.

這種模式完全替代了條碼掃描。雖然前期投入更高，但收銀效率和顧客體驗(yàn)的提升，使其在快時(shí)尚模式下具有極強(qiáng)的ROI。

This model fully replaces barcode scanning. Although upfront investment is higher, the gains in checkout efficiency and customer experience make it highly cost-effective in fast fashion.

6. 成本與未來(lái)趨勢(shì)
Cost and Future Trends

-標(biāo)簽價(jià)格已下降至$0.07–0.1/個(gè)，大幅降低了應(yīng)用門(mén)檻。
- 越來(lái)越多零售商正在推動(dòng)條碼+RFID 二合一標(biāo)簽。
- 長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看，隨著無(wú)收銀商店模式的普及，RFID 將與AI、IoT、區(qū)塊鏈結(jié)合，成為智能零售的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。

- Tag prices have dropped to $0.07–0.1 each, significantly lowering adoption barriers.
- More retailers are promoting dual barcode+RFID labels.
- In the long run, with the rise of cashierless stores, RFID will integrate with AI, IoT, and blockchain to become the infrastructure of smart retail.

7. 結(jié)語(yǔ)Conclusion

EAS讓商品“能被發(fā)現(xiàn)”，而RFID 讓商品“能被識(shí)別”。今天，它正在成為零售業(yè)數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型的關(guān)鍵節(jié)點(diǎn)。未來(lái)十年，RFID 的角色會(huì)越來(lái)越接近條碼革命：從一項(xiàng)防盜技術(shù)，成長(zhǎng)為全球零售與供應(yīng)鏈的數(shù)字底座。

EAS made products “detectable,” while RFID makes them “identifiable.” Today, it is a key enabler of retail digital transformation. In the next decade, RFID’s role will become increasingly similar to the barcode revolution: evolving from theft prevention to the digital backbone of global retail and supply chains.